Panax ginseng, also known as Korean ginseng or Asian ginseng, has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine for its purported health benefits. This powerful herb is known for its adaptogenic properties, which means it helps the body adapt to stress and maintain balance. In recent years, Panax ginseng has gained popularity in the Western world as a natural remedy for various health conditions. In this article, we will explore the potential health benefits of Panax ginseng and the scientific evidence behind its use.
Anti-inflammatory properties
Panax ginseng contains compounds called ginsenosides, which have been found to have anti-inflammatory effects. Inflammation is a natural response by the body to injury or infection, but chronic inflammation is linked to a number of health problems, including heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Studies have shown that ginsenosides in Panax ginseng may help reduce inflammation and protect against chronic diseases.
Boosts immune system
Panax ginseng has been traditionally used to enhance the immune system and improve overall health. Research suggests that ginsenosides in Panax ginseng may stimulate the production of immune cells and enhance the body’s defense against infections. A study published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences found that Panax ginseng extract can modulate the immune response and improve the body’s ability to fight off pathogens.
Improves cognitive function
One of the most well-known benefits of Panax ginseng is its potential to improve cognitive function. Several studies have shown that ginsenosides in Panax ginseng may have neuroprotective effects and improve memory, attention, and overall cognitive performance. A review published in the Journal of Ginseng Research concluded that Panax ginseng has the potential to enhance cognitive function and protect against age-related cognitive decline.
Increases energy and reduces fatigue
Panax ginseng is often used as a natural energy booster and fatigue fighter. Research has shown that ginsenosides in Panax ginseng may help improve physical endurance, reduce fatigue, and increase energy levels. A study published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that Panax ginseng supplementation improved exercise performance and reduced fatigue in participants.
Manages stress and anxiety
As an adaptogen, Panax ginseng is known for its ability to help the body cope with stress and reduce anxiety. Several studies have shown that ginsenosides in Panax ginseng may have anxiolytic effects and help regulate the body’s stress response. A meta-analysis published in PLoS One found that Panax ginseng supplementation was associated with a significant reduction in anxiety symptoms.
Supports cardiovascular health
Panax ginseng has been studied for its potential benefits for heart health. Research suggests that ginsenosides in Panax ginseng may help lower blood pressure, improve blood flow, and reduce the risk of heart disease. A review published in the Journal of Ginseng Research concluded that Panax ginseng has the potential to improve cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of heart disease.
Regulates blood sugar levels
Some studies have suggested that Panax ginseng may help regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity. This makes it potentially beneficial for individuals with diabetes or those at risk of developing the condition. A study published in the Journal of Ginseng Research found that Panax ginseng extract improved insulin sensitivity and reduced blood sugar levels in participants with type 2 diabetes.
Enhances sexual function
Panax ginseng has been traditionally used as an aphrodisiac and to improve sexual function. Research has shown that ginsenosides in Panax ginseng may have a positive effect on sexual arousal, erectile function, and overall sexual satisfaction. A systematic review published in the Journal of Sexual Medicine concluded that Panax ginseng may be effective in improving erectile function.
Supports liver health
Panax ginseng has been studied for its potential benefits for liver health. Research suggests that ginsenosides in Panax ginseng may have hepatoprotective effects and help protect the liver from damage. A study published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that Panax ginseng extract reduced liver inflammation and improved liver function in animal models.
Anti-cancer properties
Some studies have suggested that Panax ginseng may have anti-cancer properties. Research has shown that ginsenosides in Panax ginseng may inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce apoptosis, or programmed cell death. A review published in the Journal of Ginseng Research concluded that Panax ginseng has the potential to be used as an adjuvant therapy for cancer treatment.
What Are the Side Effects of Panax Ginseng?
Ginseng use is common. It is even found in beverages, which may lead you to believe it’s completely safe. But like any herbal supplement or medication, taking it can result in unwanted effects.
The most common side effect of ginseng is insomnia. Additional reported side effects include:
Headaches
Nausea
Diarrhea
Blood pressure changes
Mastalgia (breast pain)
Vaginal bleeding
Allergic reactions, severe rash, and liver damage are less common side effects but can be serious.
Precautions
Children and pregnant or nursing people should avoid taking Panax ginseng.
If you are considering taking Panax ginseng, talk to your healthcare provider if you have:
High blood pressure: Panax ginseng may affect blood pressure.
Diabetes: Panax ginseng may lower blood sugar levels and interact with diabetes medications.
Blood clotting disorders: Panax ginseng can interfere with blood clotting and interact with some anticoagulant drugs.
Dosage: How Much Panax Ginseng Should I Take?
Always speak with a healthcare provider before taking a supplement to ensure that the supplement and dosage are appropriate for your individual needs.
The dosage of Panax ginseng depends on the type of ginseng, the reason for using it, and the amount of ginsenosides in the supplement.
There is no recommended standard dose of Panax ginseng. It is often taken in doses of 200 milligrams (mg) per day in studies. Some have recommended 500–2,000 mg per day if taken from the dry root.
Because dosages can vary, make sure to read the product label for instructions on how to take it. Before starting Panax ginseng, talk to a healthcare provider to determine a safe and appropriate dosage.
What Happens if I Take Too Much Panax Ginseng?
There isn’t much data on the toxicity of Panax ginseng. Toxicity isn’t likely to occur when taken in the appropriate amounts for a short time. Side effects are more likely if you take too much.
Interactions
Panax ginseng interacts with several types of medications. It is important to tell your healthcare provider all the prescription and OTC medication, herbal remedies, and supplements you take. They can help determine if it is safe to take Panax ginseng.
Potential interactions include:
Caffeine or stimulant drugs: The combination with ginseng may increase heart rate or blood pressure.11
Blood thinners such as Jantoven (warfarin): Ginseng may slow blood clotting and decrease the effectiveness of certain blood thinners. If you take blood thinners, discuss Panax ginseng with your healthcare provider before starting it. They may be able to check your blood levels and adjust dosage accordingly.17
Insulin or oral diabetes medications: Using these with ginseng may result in hypoglycemia because they help lower blood sugar levels.14
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI): Ginseng may increase the risk of side effects associated with MAOIs, including manic-like symptoms.18
Diuretic Lasix (furosemide): Ginseng may reduce the effectiveness of furosemide.19
Ginseng can increase the risk of liver toxicity if taken with certain medications, including Gleevec (imatinib) and Isentress (raltegravir).17
Zelapar (selegiline): Panax ginseng may affect the levels of selegiline.20
Panax ginseng can interfere with drugs processed by an enzyme called cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4).17
More interactions may occur with other drugs or supplements. Before taking Panax ginseng, ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for more information on potential interactions.
Recap
Ginseng has the potential to interact with several different types of medications. Before taking herbal supplements, ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider if ginseng is safe for you based on your current health status and medications.
Similar Supplements
There are several different types of ginseng. Some derive from different plants and may not have the same effect as Panax ginseng. Supplements can also come from root extract or root powder.
Additionally, ginseng may be classified by the following:
Fresh (less than 4 years old)
White (4–6 years old, peeled and then dried)
Red (more than 6 years old, steamed and then dried)
Sources of Panax Ginseng and What to Look For
Panax ginseng comes from the root of the plant in the genus Panax. It is an herbal remedy made from the plant’s root and isn’t something you typically get in your diet.
When looking for a ginseng supplement, consider the following:
The type of ginseng
Which part of the plant the ginseng came from (e.g., root)
Which form of ginseng is included (e.g., powder or extract)
The amount of ginsenosides in the supplement (the standard recommended amount of ginsenoside content in supplements is 1.5–7%)
For any supplement or herbal product, look for one that has been third-party tested. This provides some quality assurance in that the supplement contains what the label says it does and is free of harmful contaminants. Look for labels from the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), the National Science Foundation (NSF), or ConsumerLab.
Summary
Herbal remedies and alternative medicines are popular, but don’t forget that just because something is labeled “natural” doesn’t mean it’s safe. The FDA regulates dietary supplements as food items, which means they aren’t regulated as strictly as drugs are.
Ginseng is often found in herbal supplements and drinks. It is touted to help manage many health conditions, but there is not enough research to prove the efficacy of its use. When searching for products, look for supplements certified for quality by an independent third party, like the NSF, or ask your healthcare provider for a reputable brand recommendation.
Ginseng supplementation may result in some mild effects. It also interacts with several different medications. It is important to discuss herbal remedies with your healthcare provider to understand their risks versus their benefits.
References:
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Asian ginseng.
Gui QF, Xu ZR, Xu KY, Yang YM. The efficacy of ginseng-related therapies in type 2 diabetes mellitus: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(6):e2584. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000002584
Shishtar E, Sievenpiper JL, Djedovic V, et al. The effect of ginseng (the genus Panax) on glycemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e107391. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107391
Ziaei R, Ghavami A, Ghaedi E, et al. The efficacy of ginseng supplementation on plasma lipid concentration in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med. 2020;48:102239. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102239
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Naseri K, Saadati S, Sadeghi A, et al. The efficacy of ginseng (Panax) on human prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2022;14(12):2401. doi:10.3390/nu14122401
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Mohammadi H, Hadi A, Kord-Varkaneh H, et al. Effects of ginseng supplementation on selected markers of inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res. 2019;33(8):1991-2001. doi:10.1002/ptr.6399
Saboori S, Falahi E, Rad EY, et al. Effects of ginseng on C-reactive protein level: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Complement Ther Med. 2019;45:98-103. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.05.021
Lee HW, Ang L, Lee MS. Using ginseng for menopausal women's health care: a systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2022;48:101615. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101615
Sellami M, Slimeni O, Pokrywka A, et al. Herbal medicine for sports: a review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018;15:14. doi:10.1186/s12970-018-0218-y
Kim S, Kim N, Jeong J, et al. Anti-cancer effect of Panax ginseng and its metabolites: from traditional medicine to modern drug discovery. Processes. 2021;9(8):1344. doi:10.3390/pr9081344
Antonelli M, Donelli D, Firenzuoli F. Ginseng integrative supplementation for seasonal acute upper respiratory infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med. 2020;52:102457. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102457
Hassen G, Belete G, Carrera KG, et al. Clinical implications of herbal supplements in conventional medical practice: a US perspective. Cureus. 2022;14(7):e26893. doi:10.7759/cureus.26893
Li CT, Wang HB, Xu BJ. A comparative study on anticoagulant activities of three Chinese herbal medicines from the genus Panax and anticoagulant activities of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rg2. Pharm Biol. 2013;51(8):1077-1080. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2013.775164
Malík M, Tlustoš P. Nootropic herbs, shrubs, and trees as potential cognitive enhancers. Plants (Basel). 2023;12(6):1364. doi:10.3390/plants12061364
Awortwe C, Makiwane M, Reuter H, Muller C, Louw J, Rosenkranz B. Critical evaluation of causality assessment of herb-drug interactions in patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84(4):679-693. doi:10.1111/bcp.13490
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Post time: May-08-2024
